An Obscured Truth: Responsibility of the RPF and Paul Kagame for the Crimes of 1994

An Obscured Truth: Responsibility of the RPF and Paul Kagame for the Crimes of 1994 and the Sabotage of International Investigations

One of the central pillars of the impunity enjoyed by Paul Kagame rests on the deliberate suppression of well-documented responsibilities for crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994. The dominant narrative, widely promoted and protected by the United States, presents the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) exclusively as the force that ended the genocide, while systematically avoiding any serious examination of crimes committed by that same movement before, during, and after 1994.

This omission is not a historical oversight. It is a deliberate political choice, the consequences of which continue to shape the Great Lakes region today.

RPF Crimes: Documented Facts, Not Marginal Allegations

Contrary to how the issue is often portrayed in Western diplomatic discourse, crimes committed by the RPF are neither rumours nor fringe theories. They are documented by credible international sources, including:

• United Nations investigations,

• reports by human rights organisations,

• judicial testimonies,

• and analyses by independent experts.

The UN Mapping Report (2010), commissioned by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, is particularly significant. It establishes that RPF forces committed serious and systematic crimes between 1993 and 2003, including against unarmed Hutu civilians, both inside Rwanda and later in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The report goes further, stating that some of these crimes, if examined by a competent court, could qualify as crimes of genocide under the 1948 Genocide Convention, given:

• their targeted nature,

• their scale,

• and the apparent intent to destroy specific groups.

This assessment, coming from a UN body, fundamentally challenges the simplified narrative of a conflict between perpetrators on one side and blameless liberators on the other.

American Silence: A Strategic Choice, Not Ignorance

The United States cannot plausibly claim ignorance. For more than three decades, American diplomatic, military, and intelligence institutions have possessed:

• detailed field reports,

• military assessments,

• corroborated intelligence on RPF actions.

The persistent refusal to acknowledge RPF responsibility therefore reflects a conscious political decision, driven by:

• the desire to protect a strategic ally,

• fear of opening legal precedents,

• reluctance to dismantle the post-1994 narrative that underpins Western moral legitimacy in the region.

Recognising RPF crimes would require:

• admitting that international justice was applied selectively,

• acknowledging that the victors were shielded,

• confronting a heavy moral and political responsibility.

The United States has chosen not to cross that line.

The Carla Del Ponte Case: A Turning Point in the Sabotage of Justice

The case of Carla Del Ponte, former Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), illustrates this obstruction with striking clarity.

While serving as prosecutor, Carla Del Ponte attempted to open investigations into crimes committed by the RPF, in accordance with a core principle of international law: equality before the law.

She later stated publicly that she faced:

• intense political pressure,

• notably from the United States and the United Kingdom,

• to abandon any prosecutions targeting the victorious side.

In 2003, she was removed from responsibility for the Rwanda tribunal, officially for administrative reasons. In her memoirs and subsequent interviews, she made it clear that her removal was directly linked to her determination to pursue cases against the RPF.

This moment marked a major failure of international justice:

• the ICTR prosecuted only Hutu defendants,

• no senior RPF officials were indicted,

• justice was subordinated to political expediency.

One-Sided Justice and Its Regional Consequences

This selective justice produced long-term effects:

• it froze an untouchable official narrative,

• prevented reconciliation based on truth,

• consolidated authoritarian power in Rwanda,

• and created a total sense of impunity at the highest levels of the state.

This sense of impunity largely explains:

• repeated Rwandan military interventions in the DRC,

• contempt for UN Security Council resolutions,

• obstruction of MONUSCO in occupied areas,

• refusal to implement Resolution 2773,

• and the continued plundering of Congolese resources.

Paul Kagame absorbed a simple lesson:
if past crimes were protected, present crimes will be protected as well.

The Moral and Political Paradox of the United States

The United States presents itself as a defender of:

• human rights,

• international justice,

• and the fight against impunity.

Yet in the Rwandan case, it has:

• blocked judicial investigations,

• shielded a leader accused of serious crimes,

• sacrificed the universality of law to geopolitical interests.

This paradox undermines:

• the credibility of the UN system,

• the trust of African victims in international justice,

• the moral authority of Western discourse.

Integrated General Conclusion

The impunity Paul Kagame enjoys today — in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in defiance of UN resolutions, and in violation of international agreements — is rooted in an original impunity, constructed as early as 1994 with the active or passive consent of the United States and its allies.

By blocking investigations into RPF crimes, obstructing justice under Carla Del Ponte, and enforcing a single official narrative of the genocide, the West did not merely distort history.
It created the political conditions for sustained regional violence.

As long as justice remains selective,
as long as the crimes of allies are erased,
as long as truth is sacrificed to geopolitics,
peace in the Great Lakes region will remain out of reach.

Key References

• United Nations, Mapping Report on Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in the DRC (1993–2003), OHCHR, 2010

• UN Security Council, Reports of the Group of Experts on the DRC, 2010–2023

• Carla Del Ponte, Madame Prosecutor / The Hunt: Me and War Criminals, 2009

• Human Rights Watch, Rwanda: RPF Crimes and Accountability

• International Crisis Group, Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region